Sicily on High Alert for Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis, a disease spread by sand flies, has been a longstanding problem in Sicily. The disease is caused by Leishmania infantum and primarily affects dogs, which act as reservoirs, and humans. Researchers have been studying the dynamics of the disease to understand how climate change impacts its spread.

In a recent study conducted between 2022 and 2024, researchers looked at three provinces in Sicily: Palermo, Agrigento, and Caltanissetta. They identified 67 cases of leishmaniasis in humans, with 50 cases being cutaneous and 17 being visceral. Interestingly, outdoor workers and smokers were more likely to contract the disease.

The study also found that a significant number of dogs were infected, with seroprevalence rates ranging from 12 to 34%. The areas where dogs were infected overlapped with where human cases were detected. A total of 75,376 sand flies were collected, with the majority being found in Caltanissetta. The predominant species of sand fly was Phlebotomus perniciosus.

Temperature and rainfall played a crucial role in the spread of the disease. The study found that sand fly activity increased during warm months with moderate rainfall. As the temperature and precipitation trends continue to rise, the transmission window for the disease is likely to extend.

Understanding the connection between human cases, canine reservoirs, and sand fly activity is crucial in controlling the spread of leishmaniasis. By monitoring these factors, researchers can provide early warnings of increased transmission and support targeted interventions in high-risk areas. This integrated approach can help reduce the impact of the disease on humans and animals in Sicily.